Data Services In The State Of Oregon

What Is Data Normalization?

Database normalization refers to the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a set of normal forms. This is done in order to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. This was originally proposed by Edgar F. Codd, a British computer scientist.

Normalization is the process of organizing columns (attributes), and tables (relations), in a database so that their dependencies can be properly enforced through database integrity constraints. This is done by applying formal rules, either through synthesis (creating new database designs) or decomposition (“improving existing databases).

Codd’s 1970 first normal form had one goal: Data could be queried and modified using a universal data sub-language, which is grounded in first-order logic. SQL is an example of such language, but Codd considered it to be seriously flawed.

Codd outlined the objectives of normalization beyond 1NF, which is the first normal form.

• To remove unwanted insertion, update, or deletion dependencies from the collection of relations.
• As new data types are introduced, it is possible to reduce the need to restructure the collection of relationships and increase the lifespan of application programs.
• To make the relational modeling more useful for users.
• To keep the collection of relationships neutral to query statistics, which are subject to change over time.

If you attempt to modify (update/insert into, or delete) a relationship, there may be undesirable side effects in relations that haven’t been sufficiently normalized.

• Insertion anomaly. In some cases, certain facts are not possible to record. Each record in the “Faculty & Their Courses” relationship might include a Faculty ID and Faculty Name as well as a Faculty Hire Date and Course Code. The details of faculty members who teach at least one course can also be recorded. However, it is not possible to record the details of newly hired faculty members who have not been assigned to teach any courses, unless the Course Code is set to null.
• Update anomaly. Multiple rows can contain the same information. Therefore, updating the relationship could result in logical inconsistencies. Each record in the “Employees’ Skills” relation may contain an Employee ID and an Employee Address. A change of address for a specific employee might need to be applied for multiple records (one per skill). If the update fails to complete – the address of an employee is changed on one record but not the other – then the relation will be in an inconsistent state. The relation gives conflicting answers to the question about the address of this employee.
• The Deletion Anomaly. In certain situations, data that represents certain facts may need to be deleted in order to delete data that represent completely different facts. This is the case with the “Faculty and Their Courses”, which was described in the previous example. If a faculty member ceases to be assigned any courses, then the last record on which he appears must be deleted. Unless the Course Code field has been set to null, this effectively deletes the faculty member.

Material for this section was first published on the Database Normalization page on Wikipedia.

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State Of Oregon Information

Oregon State General Information

Oregon, also called the State of Oregon, is a U.S. state located in the Pacific Northwest region immediately south of the state of Washington and bordered by California and Nevada to the south. The Pacific Ocean is Oregon’s western border while the state of Idaho is Oregon’s eastern border state.

Before the arrival of traders and explorers, many tribes lived in this area. After American settlement in earnest began in the 1840s, Oregon Territory was established in 1848. On February 14, 1859, Oregon was made the 33rd state. Much of Oregon’s eastern and northern boundaries are delineated by the Columbia and Snake rivers.

The state capital is located in Salem, the third-most populous city in the state, with Eugene, home of the University of Oregon, the second-largest city. Portland is the most populous, city with a population close to 700,0000, according to World Population Review. The Portland metropolitan area is the 25th most populous metro area in the United States with a population of more than 2.5 million. Portland is the home of the Portland Trail Blazer NBA basketball team.

Oregon Early History

Oregon has been home to humans for at least 15,000 years. The earliest recorded mentions of the land date back to the 16th century. The region was contested by European powers, including later the United States, until 1846 when it was finally divided by the United States and Great Britain. On February 14, 1859, Oregon was made a state. It now has over four million inhabitants.

There is extensive evidence to suggest Paleo-Indians lived in the area. However, Fort Rock Cave and Paisley Caves are the oldest places where evidence of human habitation has been found in Oregon. Luther Cressman, an archaeologist, dated Fort Rock material to 13,200 years ago. There is evidence that suggests there were inhabitants in the area at least 15,000 years before that date. There were settlements in the state by 8,000 BC. Populations were concentrated along the Columbia River, the western valleys, and the coastal estuaries.

The Willamette Valley was submerged by the fall of glacial dams at Lake Missoula in the prehistoric period. This lake is now Montana. These floods, which occurred during the last glacial period, flooded the valley with 300-400 feet (91-122 m) of water.

Oregon was home to numerous Native American groups by the 16th century. These included the Chinook, Coquille, Bannock (Ko-Kwell), Bannock, and Chasta.

Geography For The State Of Oregon

Oregon measures 295 miles (475km) north to south at its longest distance and 395 miles (636km) east to west. Oregon has a slightly larger area than the United Kingdom at 98,381 sq. miles (254 810 km2). It is the 9th largest state in the United States. Oregon’s highest point, Mount Hood at 11,249ft (3,429m), is its summit. The Oregon Coast is its lowest point, at the sea level of the Pacific Ocean. Oregon’s average elevation is 3,300ft (1,006m). Crater Lake National Park is the only state park and the location of the deepest lake in America at 1,943ft (592m). [67] Oregon is home to the D River, the world’s shortest river. Oregon also has Mill Ends Park, Portland’s smallest park at 452 sq. inches (0.29m2).

Oregon is divided into eight geographic regions. Oregon Coast, west of the Coast Range, is located in Western Oregon. It includes the Willamette Valley and Rogue Valleys, Cascade Range, Klamath Mountains, and Central and Eastern Oregon’s Columbia Plateau, High Desert, and Blue Mountains.

Oregon is one of thirteen states with two time zones. The majority of Malheur County lies in the Mountain Time Zone. While the rest of Oregon is located in the Pacific Time Zone.

Oregon Geology

The mountainous areas of Western Oregon, which include Mount Hood and three other prominent peaks, were created by volcanic activity on the Juan de Fuca Plate. This tectonic plate is constantly at risk of earthquakes and volcanic activity. The 1700 Cascadia earthquake was the most recent major activity. Mount St. Helens in Washington erupted on August 20, 1980. This was visible from Oregon and affected some areas.

The Columbia River forms part of Oregon’s northern boundary. It also plays a significant role in the region’s geological evolution as well as its economic, cultural, and political development. The Columbia River is North America’s biggest river. It is also one of only two rivers that cut through the Cascades. (The Klamath River in Southern Oregon is the other). The Columbia repeatedly flooded Oregon’s Missoula Floods 15,000 years ago. This is what has led to the Willamette Valley’s modern fertility. Celilo Falls and other parts of the river were hubs for economic activity for many thousands of years because of abundant salmon.

Oregon’s landscape today varies from the Coast Range rain forest to the southeast barren desert, but it still falls within the definition of a frontier. Oregon’s geographic center is farther west than any other 48 contiguous US states, although Washington is the westernmost point among the lower 48. The topography of Central Oregon includes high deserts and volcanic rock formations that result from lava flows. This region is home to the Oregon Badlands Wilderness.

Material for information about Oregon first appeared in Wikipedia